2015年7月27日星期一

給特區的信(169)-後QE大時代,多角度思考




---------- 轉寄的郵件 ----------
寄件者: George Luk
日期: 2015年7月27日 下午9:29
主旨: 給特區的信(169)-後QE大時代,多角度思考
收件者: "Mr. Li Wei" <drc@drc.gov.cn>, "Mr. C Y Leung" <ceo@ceo.gov.hk>
副本: "hd@1823.gov.hk" <hd@1823.gov.hk>, "Mr. Anthony Cheung" <sthoffice@thb.gov.hk>, "Mr. CHEUNG Wan Ching" <scsoffice@csb.gov.hk>, "Mr. LAU Kong Wah" <sha@hab.gov.hk>, "Ms. TENG Yu Yan" <doe@had.gov.hk>, "Mr. MOK Kwan Yu" <dossp@had.gov.hk>, George1 Luk

李偉先生/梁振英先生:

1. 僅以此提醒一下,希望不會擾亂大家的思緒。以下取材自本月廿四日「經濟日報」的兩篇文章,頗值得留意,另外有一些以前網上文章的摘錄,說明前美聯儲局伯南克的「911事件」後及「08金融海嘯」後的救市行動,「QE是否無須付出代價?

QE大時代美國額外儲備可大增貨幣供應 有央行可能破產
2008年美國次按危機爆發,時任聯儲局主席伯南克於當年底推出量化寬鬆(QE)買入按揭證券和國債,向市場注入1萬億美元,並大幅減息,以免美國進入經濟「大蕭條」。不久,美國此舉促使歐洲多國和日本等效尤,中國亦推出中國式「QE」,全球陷入QE救市大行動,量寬沒完沒盡。畢竟全球經濟未見大起色,由於美國加息退市,金融危機陰霾不散,有專家已提出QE陷阱警告,令人開始擔心QE最終會為經濟帶來甚麼壞影響。 

全球QE不停可能帶來災難性後果
  日本野村總合研究所首席研究員辜朝明早前接受本地財經雜誌訪問,指出美國在次按危機後的QE,並沒有對症下藥,更會帶來災難性後果。
  美國近年多次的QE行動,就是聯儲局向銀行買入大量國債,銀行從而獲得流動性,惟辜朝明指,銀行並沒有把這些資金放貸出去,而私人市場也沒有借貸意欲。(却在全球各地及不同市場投機炒賣)
  次按危機後,企業損失慘重,主張去槓桿化不再借錢,私人市場一直只在儲蓄。因此,新增的資金變成超額準備金,並沒有進入實體經濟,美國通脹率繼續維持於較低水平。
  聯儲局發表了最新的地區經濟報告褐皮書,顯示美國經濟持續增長,然而,美國的官方數據一直被指「報喜不報憂」,例如失業率下降其實是由於國民放棄尋找工作而不被納入為勞動人口。所以,QE對振興美國經濟的實際成效備受存疑。
  有市場人士指,美國現時情況與日本迷失二十年有相似的地方,金融海嘯後,聯儲局把利率降至接近零,以刺激經濟,美國卻不見大有起色,通脹率仍然偏低,以某指標計算美國或可能已陷入長期經濟低迷,復甦力度不強。

美國額外儲備可大增貨幣供應 有央行可能破產
  本通訊社記者與身處美國財經評論作者楊衛隆做了專訪,楊氏曾經為本港一家收費電視主持財經評論節目,著作包括《金融海嘯系列》,近期著有《後量寬時代歐美中日經濟密碼》、《次按風暴高清面目》和《大國衰落》等。
  楊衛隆對環球經濟時局有多番大膽頗準確的預測,今年4月,他曾於網上撮文,指「現在的情況和97年幾乎一模一樣,樓市股市到頂,不能再升上去。」以及「中國債務危機急速惡化,全球經濟放緩……香港人仍不顧一切地入市」,楊氏卻預期股災將會來臨。
  不過,其後因資金南下出現「港股大時代」,但誰料到7A股爆發股災,港股單一曾暴跌逾二千點創紀錄。現時內地出口減慢,人民幣有貶值壓力,資金外流,A股拖累港股大跌等都顯示市場負面消息主導。

美國急於利率正常化 部分因樓市開始太熱
  對於美國零利率,楊氏有一番見解,「美國聯儲局急於利率正常化,部分原因是樓市開始太熱。現在,美國的超低利率對經濟的好處不大,基本上,超低利率已無存在價值。聯儲局還未加息,不是超低利率對經濟有甚麼作用,而是加息會怎樣打擊經濟。」樓市太熱要抑制,但加息或會引致超級通脹,對經濟影響深遠。

QE後遺症或令銀行破產 通脹或轉跌為升
  辜朝明提出的QE陷阱,是針對現時美國銀行體系中的2.6億美元的額外儲備,銀行如果把這些資金全數放貸而有承接的話,即時會令貨幣供應增加18倍,有機會引致通脹率暴升。
  不過,筆者認為「超級通脹」未出現原因很多,包括工資未有大升。
  這時聯儲局加息,若向銀行出售債券,美國債息抽升令債券價格下跌,持有大量美債的其他國家將大受牽連。
  據美國財政部最新的數據顯示,美債最大持有國中國持有美債金額增至1.27萬億美元,辜氏預期,債券價格下跌或會使各地央行破產。而楊衛隆也認同資產泡沫可以令到國家和銀行破產,即是QE會間接令到一些國家和銀行破產。


2. QE大時代美債有爆破危機 美不怕債息升 內企持美債受挫
美國投資大戶伊坎(Carl Icahn)近日發出警告,美國加息或會引爆債市泡沫。 

美國債息上升 對中國影響非常嚴重
  財經評論作者楊衛隆接受訪問指,美國債息上升,對美國的影響不大,對中國的影響卻非常嚴重。美國國債達到18.3萬億美元,看來好像美國加息就會增加美國國債利息的負擔。
  不過,事實上,這18.3萬億美元的國債已經發了出去,無論美國加息與否,這些國債都不會增減利息開支。
  「那就是說,美國不怕國債債息上升,只有投資者害怕債息上升。」
  首當其衝的,是持有大量美債的中國。美國財政部最新的數據顯示,中國持有美債金額增至1.27萬億美元,為美債最大持有國。中國企業大多持美元計價債券,債券息率向上,債券價跌,將影響企業盈利。「美國債息上升可能會刺破中國企債泡沫。」楊衛隆認為,美國國債存在爆破危機,將為中國企業帶來威脅。
  「不要以為加息一兩厘不會有甚麼影響,債市對利率的反應十分敏感。」但他指,目前無法預測其受影響程度,因為中國經濟的透明度很低,要到了美國真的加息,從中國企業的反應中才可以得知企業對債券息率上升的承受能力,而他認為,影響將會非常嚴重。
  市場上亦有指,美國此舉屬政治考慮,美國加息引致債息上升,間接大挫中國有意成為經濟強國銳氣,以限制中國於亞太區以至歐洲政治勢力擴張。尤其在亞投行成立以後,美國為穩住世界經濟龍頭地位,避免中國坐大,於是與日本聯手重新掌控亞太區政治及經濟主導位置。

 美息正常化應加5厘 中美角力停不了
  楊氏指,美國利率正常化應該加息5厘,可是,美日息差5厘會引發日圓套息活動,資金流入日本借入平錢,再走出海外投資,推升市場對日圓需求,令日圓匯價急升,打擊日本經濟。
  「美國會給時間讓日圓匯價大幅度貶值,讓日本經濟復甦。」美國與日本均沒有加入以中國為首的亞投行,以是次美國加息行動,兩國聯手為中國在亞洲提升影響力而作反擊。
  美國帶頭牽起金融戰爭已經不是新鮮事,去年美國頁岩油產量增加導致油價大跌,半年內由每桶100美元下跌至每桶60美元,由於俄羅斯聯邦政府收入的近一半來自油氣銷售,價格下跌令俄羅斯步入金融危機,經濟打擊十分嚴重。


3. Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke
Before the National Economists Club, Washington, D.C.
November 21, 2002
Deflation: Making Sure "It" Doesn't Happen Here 
Excerpt of speech :
Curing Deflation
Let me start with some general observations about monetary policy at the zero bound, sweeping under the rug for the moment some technical and operational issues.
As I ( Ben Bernanke) have mentioned, some observers have concluded that when the central bank's policy rate falls to zero--its practical minimum--monetary policy loses its ability to further stimulate aggregate demand and the economy. At a broad conceptual level, and in my view in practice as well, this conclusion is clearly mistaken. Indeed, under a fiat (that is, paper) money system, a government (in practice, the central bank in cooperation with other agencies) should always be able to generate increased nominal spending and inflation, even when the short-term nominal interest rate is at zero.
The conclusion that deflation is always reversible under a fiat money system follows from basic economic reasoning. A little parable may prove useful: Today an ounce of gold sells for $300, more or less. Now suppose that a modern alchemist solves his subject's oldest problem by finding a way to produce unlimited amounts of new gold at essentially no cost. Moreover, his invention is widely publicized and scientifically verified, and he announces his intention to begin massive production of gold within days. What would happen to the price of gold? Presumably, the potentially unlimited supply of cheap gold would cause the market price of gold to plummet. Indeed, if the market for gold is to any degree efficient, the price of gold would collapse immediately after the announcement of the invention, before the alchemist had produced and marketed a single ounce of yellow metal.
What has this got to do with monetary policy? Like gold, U.S. dollars have value only to the extent that they are strictly limited in supply. But the U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or, today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at essentially no cost. By increasing the number of U.S. dollars in circulation, or even by credibly threatening to do so, the U.S. government can also reduce the value of a dollar in terms of goods and services, which is equivalent to raising the prices in dollars of those goods and services. We conclude that, under a paper-money system, a determined government can always generate higher spending and hence positive inflation.


4. How Bernanke got the nickname “Helicopter Ben” & why it matters right now  :-  from an 2010 article on the subject
Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke tackled the topic in a  November 2002 speech, which laid out deflation risks and possible policy responses. Speaking then as a new Fed governor, Mr. Bernanke also delved into non-Fed actions that could be used to fight deflation.
But the speech is remembered less for its thorough treatment of the topic than for a single passing reference to a helicopter.
Each of the policy options I (Ben Bernanke) have discussed so far involves the Fed’s acting on its own. In practice, the effectiveness of anti-deflation policy could be significantly enhanced by cooperation between the monetary and fiscal authorities. A broad-based tax cut, for example, accommodated by a program of open-market purchases to alleviate any tendency for interest rates to increase, would almost certainly be an effective stimulant to consumption and hence to prices. Even if households decided not to increase consumption but instead re-balanced their portfolios by using their extra cash to acquire real and financial assets, the resulting increase in asset values would lower the cost of capital and improve the balance sheet positions of potential borrowers. A money-financed tax cut is essentially equivalent to Milton Friedman’s famous “helicopter drop” of money.
Of course, in lieu of tax cuts or increases in transfers the government could increase spending on current goods and services or even acquire existing real or financial assets. If the Treasury issued debt to purchase private assets and the Fed then purchased an equal amount of Treasury debt with newly created money, the whole operation would be the economic equivalent of direct open-market operations in private assets.這是否等如免費午餐?聯儲局將如何退市?

5. 現時在中、港市場上,好像正在上映着「托沽」遊戲;各大行分析亦分別扮演着重要角式。

Regards,

George Luk



---------- 轉寄的郵件 ----------
寄件者: <ceo@ceo.gov.hk>
日期: 2015724日 下午5:29
主旨: Re: 給特區的信(166)-網上關於「惡意做空者」的一些傳聞
收件者: George Luk

George:

716日的電郵收悉,謝謝你的意見。

行政長官私人秘書
(
麥佩儀 代行)  


<如有興趣觀看之前的電郵,請前往連結: http://jet2468.blogspot.hk/ 。網誌內容主要是希望大家能對大陸、香港及週邊地區人士及政府多點理解/體諒,並以一般普羅大眾的觀點,加以進言。>

閣下如不願意再接收由本人發出的郵件,請回電郵並在主旨寫上“移除”或“remove”。由此引致之不便,本人深表抱歉。

沒有留言:

發佈留言